Nephrotic syndrome in dogs: diagnosis and complications
6-year-old crossbreed dog living in Madrid with subcutaneous oedema of the limbs and ascites (pure transudate). No vomiting or diarrhoea.
| Parameter | Result | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Albumin | 1.3 g/dL | 2.6–4.0 |
| Globulins | 5.2 g/dL | 2.5–4.5 |
| Cholesterol | 420 mg/dL | 130–300 |
| Creatinine | 1.2 mg/dL | 0.5–1.5 |
| UPC | 8.5 | < 0.2 |
Which statement is correct?
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A. It is a protein-losing enteropathy
In protein-losing enteropathy both albumin and globulins are lost and cholesterol is usually low. Moreover, a UPC of 8.5 places the loss in the kidney.
B. It is hepatic failure with hypoalbuminaemia from reduced synthesis
Hepatic failure usually causes low, not high, cholesterol and urea, and does not explain such marked proteinuria.
C. This is nephrotic syndrome due to glomerular disease; there is a risk of thromboembolism from urinary antithrombin loss
Correct. Marked proteinuria, hypoalbuminaemia, hypercholesterolaemia and oedema define nephrotic syndrome. Loss of antithrombin promotes thrombosis, so antiplatelet therapy (e.g. clopidogrel) is recommended. In Spain leishmaniosis must be ruled out, also suggested by the hyperglobulinaemia.
D. The oedema is treated with aggressive crystalloid fluid therapy to restore volume
With very low oncotic pressure, large crystalloid volumes leak into the interstitium and worsen oedema and ascites. Treatment focuses on the cause, renin-angiotensin blockade and diet.
lightbulb Key takeaway
With hypoalbuminaemia, look at globulins, cholesterol and UPC: low albumin with a high UPC = renal loss. Nephrotic syndrome carries a worse prognosis than proteinuria without oedema and predisposes to thromboembolism; in Spain, always rule out Leishmania.
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Updated: October 31, 2026 · Educational content for veterinary professionals. It does not replace current clinical guidelines or the judgement of the attending veterinarian.