Underwater treadmill hydrotherapy in dogs: when and how
6-year-old Labrador that has undergone tibial plateau levelling osteotomy (TPLO) for cranial cruciate ligament rupture. The owner wants to start hydrotherapy as soon as possible.
Which statement about hydrotherapy in this dog is correct?
chevron_right Show answer and explanation
A. It should start the day after surgery to prevent atrophy, even if the wound has not healed
An unhealed wound is a contraindication to immersion because of the risk of infection. In the first days, cryotherapy, passive range of motion and short leash walks are used.
B. The deeper the water, the more load the stifle bears, so start with shallow water
It is the other way round: buoyancy reduces the weight borne by the limbs as the water level rises.
C. The water should be cold (10–15 °C) to obtain an anti-inflammatory effect throughout exercise
Cold water causes stiffness and vasoconstriction. Warm water is used for exercise, favouring muscle relaxation and range of motion.
D. Once the wound has healed, with water at the level of the greater trochanter the dog bears much less weight, allowing earlier walking with less load and then progressing
Correct. With water at the level of the greater trochanter the dog bears roughly 40% of its body weight. Buoyancy, hydrostatic pressure and water resistance allow muscle strengthening with less joint load, adjusting depth and speed to the stage of recovery.
lightbulb Key takeaway
Unlike swimming, the underwater treadmill maintains a near-normal gait pattern and allows load to be controlled. Water depth also changes joint range of motion, so adjust it to the goal of each session.
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Updated: October 31, 2026 · Educational content for veterinary professionals. It does not replace current clinical guidelines or the judgement of the attending veterinarian.